Gavin Kennedy writes in the comment thread of this post:
"Daniel
The fact is that Smith's specific (only) reference in Wealth
Of Nations referred to some, but not all merchants, from their concerns
for the "security" of the capital is sent abroad in the "foreign trade
of consumption", preferred to invest in in "domestic industry"
(mentioned four times by Smith, twice in the relevant sentence in para
9). This had the "unintended" consequence that it added to domestic
"revenue and employment" arithmetically: the whole is the sum of its
parts. Smith considered this public benefit. He didn't say anything
beyond this. It said similar consequences applied in "many other"
situations, without specifying them.
To suggest that this is a
general unintended consequence of self-interested actions, leading to
"Pareto Optima", "General Equilibrium", as many modern economists do, or
that even "selfish" motives lead likewise, is an absurd attribution to
Adam Smith. He details again and again how the "self-interested"
actions of "merchants and manufacturers" lead to higher prices, less
competition, and lower domestic employment in such self-interested"
policies as tariffs, protections, prohibitions, monopolists, colonial
preferences, the one-sided Combination Acts, the Settlement Acts, Wages
set by the magistrate allies of employers, established religions,
Primogeniture, Entails, chartered Trading Companies, directly act the
general interest, Yet, daily - nay hourly - modern economists are
reported, or media sources, continue to pour out nonsense about the
existence of an invisible hand in, variously, the market, price systems,
supply and demand, and so on.
That lay-people come to believe that
in such a fictitious "invisible hand" - let alone that credible figures
from our ranks of economists also believe it - though cracks are
appearing in the former monolithic consensus sparked of by Paul
Samuelson from 1948 - is a disappointing. I look forward to your own
recantation of your apparent belied in the fiction of Adam Smith's
so-called invisible hand.
Gavin"
Exactly right. I think Gavin is reading me far too strongly. This is the point I was trying to make in my post. You cannot equate Walrasian or Arrow-Debreu equilibrium or any claim about the Pareto optimality of markets with the invisible hand. It is because he equated those things that I was criticizing the linked article. They're not the same thing. It is important to know the general equilibrium properties of competitive markets Arrow-Debreu and all that isn't rubbish. But of course we all know that that's just a model of the real world, it's not the real world itself. And the properties of the Arrow-Debreu system were not what Smith was talking about.
Gavin might have been concerned about my response to bpabbot's comment, where I say that it's a more general point of Smith's than just the specific case of merchants who (to quote Smith) direct their "industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value". I stand by that. There will be no recantation from me on that. He does generalize this in his discussion of the butcher, the brewer, and the baker, which make the exact same point. Like the merchants directing their industry in the direction that is most beneficial to them, these tradesmen in seeking their own gain do well by others. Smith also cites Mandeville on these points. What is wrong with saying that this is general claim of Smith's?
Look, you can note that the emergence of public good from self-interested action is a general conclusions of Smith's without tying Smith to Pareto optimality or some Panglossian view of markets.
What's most amazing to me is that Gavin could read my post that way, even though I say pretty clearly in the post that: "I don't see how you can read Smith as implying some optimal general equilibrium."
I thought I was being fairly transparent about all this!
Generally Gavin's view of Smith is one that I find more convincing than the way you hear most libertarians talk about him, and this comment of his is no exception.
Friday, July 27, 2012
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Daniel,
ReplyDeleteAre you attributing, to Smith, the principle that merchants who direct their industry in the direction that is most beneficial to them *may* bring about a greater value, or *will* bring about a greater value?
Ben
Would you allow "stronger than may, but weaker than will"?
DeleteThis is what markets are good for, after all. It's a consistent property or markets. "May" sounds far too weak to me. But I'm too much of a realist to be the type of guy that will say "will".
Yes, of course. I agree that it is a consistent tendency of markets to bring about a greater good. Just that it isn't necessary that the greater good will be produced in each instance or in each context.
DeleteOr in more obvious terms, what is in an individuals best interest doesn't necessarilly line up with a greater good.
Speaking of Gavin Kennedy, he also has blogged on the work of Dr. Michael Emmett Brady. Gavin Kennedy reviews Dr. Brady's paper on Adam Smith, John Maynard Keynes, and Jeremy Bentham, in the following link.
ReplyDeletehttp://adamsmithslostlegacy.blogspot.com/2011/10/adam-smith-jeremy-bentham-and-keynes.html
Those who are interested in the "Invisible Hand" debate may find the debate between Dan Klein and Gavin Kennedy interesting. I'm not that interested myself, but here are some links to it:
ReplyDeletehttp://econjwatch.org/articles/adam-smith-and-the-invisible-hand-from-metaphor-to-myth
http://econjwatch.org/articles/in-adam-smith-s-invisible-hands-comment-on-gavin-kennedy
http://econjwatch.org/articles/a-reply-to-daniel-klein-on-adam-smith-and-the-invisible-hand